Hayes, installed Confederate veteran Francis T. Tilden outpolled Hayes by , votes, but then, as now, the winner was decided by Electoral College votes, not the popular vote, and Tilden came up one vote short. The Democratic nominee received electoral votes, one fewer than the majority required by the US Constitution; Hayes had received All three states submitted two sets of electoral ballots, one favoring each of the presidential contenders.
In Washington both Democrats and Republicans claimed victory. Under the Constitution, the ultimate solution rested with Congress, but neither the House of Representatives nor Senate could solve the problem. Democrats possessed a significant majority in the House, while Republicans controlled the Senate. Democrats claimed that sole responsibility lay with the House, and the Republicans argued for the Senate.
In January the situation remained deadlocked. As the bitterness between the two parties intensified, politicians in Washington begin to talk about using force to solve the problem. Democratic governors in fifteen states talked about mobilizing National Guard units to install Tilden as president. Republicans, on the other hand, looked to Grant to activate regular army units on behalf of Hayes.
Eventually, cooler heads prevailed. Whether Democrats or Republicans won, national policy would not change in any important way. Reconstruction, the era immediately following the Civil War and emancipation, is full of stories that help us see the possibility of a future defined by racial equity.
Though often overlooked in classrooms across the country, Reconstruction was a period where the impossible suddenly became possible. Search for:. La Guerra con Mexico Teaching Activity. By Bill Bigelow. Translated by Floralba Vivas. Rethinking Schools. Handout in Spanish for the U. Mexico War Tea Party. By Alan J. How a teacher and his students organized a tour of the hidden history of slavery in New York.
By Thom Thacker and Michael A. An art contest is used as the basis from which students can examine primary historical documents advertisements for runaway slaves to gain a deeper understanding of the institution of slavery in the North. Lesson by Bill Bigelow and student reading by Howard Zinn. Interactive activity introduces students to the history and often untold story of the U. Roles available in Spanish. By Gilda L. Reflections on teaching students about the walkouts by Chicano students in California.
A role play on the history of the Vietnam War that is left out of traditional textbooks. By Bill Bigelow and Linda Christensen. Empathy, or "social imagination," allows students to connect to "the other" with whom, on the surface, they may appear to have little in common. Rethinking the U. By Bob Peterson.
A role play on the Constitutional Convention which brings to life the social forces active during and immediately following the American Revolution with focus on two key topics: suffrage and slavery. By Doug Sherman. The author describes how he uses biographies and film to introduce students to the role of people involved in the Civil Rights Movement beyond the familiar heroes.
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