Further investigation showed that on the morning of the theft, the above-mentioned friend of the head nurse was slightly indisposed and remained the whole morning in bed in the room. Hence, following the indications of the plaintiff, the theft could have taken place only in the afternoon. Of the other four nurses upon whom suspicion could possibly fall, there was one who attended regularly to the cleaning of the room in question, while the remaining three had nothing to do in it, nor was it shown that any of them had spent any time there on the previous day.
It was therefore natural that the last three nurses should be regarded for the time being as less implicated, and I therefore began by subjecting the first three to the experiment. From the information I had obtained of the case, I knew that the cupboard was locked but that the key was kept near by in a very conspicuous place, that on opening the cupboard the first thing which would strike the eye was a fur boa, and, moreover, that the pocket-book was between the linen in an inconspicuous place.
The pocket-book was of dark reddish leather, and contained the following objects: a franc banknote, a franc piece, some centimes, a small silver watchchain, a stencil used in the lunatic asylum to mark the kitchen utensils, and a small receipt from Dosenbach's shoeshop in Zurich.
Besides the plaintiff and the guilty one, only the head nurse knew the exact particulars of the deed, for as soon as the former missed her money she immediately asked the head nurse to help her find it, thus the head nurse had been able to learn the smallest details, which naturally rendered the experiment still more difficult, for she was precisely the one most suspected.
The conditions for the experiment were better for the others, since they knew nothing concerning the particulars of the deed, and some not even that a theft had been committed.
As critical stimulus words I selected the name of the robbed nurse, plus the following words: cupboard, door, open, key, yesterday, banknote, gold, 70, 50, 20, money, watch, pocket-book, chain, silver, to hide, fur, dark reddish, leather, centimes, stencil, receipt, Dosenbach. Besides these words which referred directly to the deed, I took also the following, which had a special effective value : theft, to take, to steal, suspicion, blame, court, police, to lie, to fear, to discover, to arrest, innocent.
The objection is often made to the last species of words that they may produce a strong affective resentment even in innocent persons, and for that reason one cannot attribute to them any comparative value. Nevertheless, it may always be questioned whether the affective resentment of an innocent person will have the same effect on the association as that of a guilty one, and that question can only be authoritatively answered by experience.
Until the contrary is demonstrated, I maintain that words of the above-mentioned type may profitably be used. I distributed these critical words among twice as many indifferent stimulus words in such a manner that each critical word was followed by two indifferent ones.
As a rule it is well to follow up the critical words by indifferent words in order that the action of the first may be clearly distinguished. But one may also follow up one critical word by another, especially if one wishes to bring into relief the action of the second. Thus I placed together "darkish red" and "leather," and "chain" and "silver.
After this preparatory work I undertook the experiment with the three above-mentioned nurses. As examinations of this kind can be rendered into a foreign tongue only with the greatest difficulty, I will content myself with presenting the general results, and with giving some examples.
I first undertook the experiment with the friend of the head nurse, and judging by the circumstances she appeared only slightly moved. The head nurse was next examined; she showed marked excitement, her pulse being per minute immediately after the experiment. The last to be examined was the nurse who attended to the cleaning of the room in which the theft occurred.
She was the most tranquil of the three; she displayed but little embarrassment, and only in the course of the experiment did it occur to her that she was suspected of stealing, a fact which manifestly disturbed her towards the end of the experiment.
The general impression from the examination spoke strongly against the head nurse. It seemed to me that she evinced a very "suspicious," or I might almost say, "impudent" countenance. With the definite idea of finding in her the guilty one I set about adding up the results. One can make use of many special methods of computing, but they are not all equally good and equally exact. One must always resort to calculation, as appearances are enormously deceptive.
The method which is most to be recommended is that of the probable average of the reaction time. It shows at a glance the difficulties which the person in the experiment had to overcome in the reaction. The technique of this calculation is very simple. The probable average is the middle number of the various reaction times arranged in a series. The reaction times are, for example, Reaction times are always given in fifths of a second placed in the following manner: 5,5,5,7,7,7,7, 8,9,9,9, 12, 13, The number found in the middle 8 is the probable average of this series.
Following the order of the experiment, I shall denote the friend of the head nurse by the letter A, the head nurse by B, and the third nurse by C. No conclusions can be drawn from this result. But the average reaction times calculated separately for the indifferent reactions, for the critical, and for those immediately following the critical post-critical are more interesting.
From this example we see that whereas A has the shortest reaction time for the indifferent reactions, she shows in comparison to the other two persons of the experiment, the longest time for the critical reactions. The difference between the reaction times, let us say between the indifferent and the critical, is 6 for A, 2 for B, and 3 for C, that is, it is more than double for A when compared with the other two persons. In the same way we can calculate how many complex indicators there are on an average for the indifferent, critical, etc.
A is again the highest. Here, too, A reaches the highest value, and in this, I believe, we see the characteristic moment of the guilt-complex in A. I am, however, unable to explain here circumstantially the reasons why I maintain that memory errors are related to an emotional complex, as this would lead me beyond the limits of the present work.
As it often happens that an association of strong feeling tone produces in the experiment a perseveration, with the result that not only the critical association, but also two or three successive associations are imperfectly reproduced, it will be very interesting to see how many imperfect reproductions are so arranged in the series in our cases.
The result of computation shows that the imperfect reproductions thus arranged in series are tor A Again we find that A has the greatest percentage. To be sure, this may partially depend on the fact that A also possesses the greatest number of imperfect reproductions.
Given a small quantity of reactions, it is usual that the greater the total number of the same, the more imperfect reactions will occur in groups. But in order that this should be probable it could not occur in so great a measure as in cur case, where, on the other hand, B and C have not a much smaller number of imperfect reactions when compared to A.
It is significant that C with her slight emotions during the experiment shows the minimum of imperfect reproductions arranged in series. As imperfect reproductions are also complex indicators, it is necessary to see how they distribute themselves in respect to the indifferent, critical, etc. It is hardly necessary to bring into prominence the differences between the indifferent and the critical reactions of the various subjects as shown by the resulting numbers of the table.
In this respect, too, A occupies first place. Naturally, here, too, there is a probability that the greater the quantity of the imperfect reproductions the greater is their number in the critical reactions. If we suppose that the imperfect reproductions are distributed regularly and without choice, among all the reactions, there will be a greater number of them for A in comparison with B and C even as reactions to critical words, since A has the greater number of imperfect reproductions.
Admitting such a uniform distribution of the imperfect reproductions, it is easy to calculate how many we ought to expect to belong to each individual kind of reaction. From this calculation it appears that the disturbances of reproductions which concern the critical reactions for A greatly surpass the number expected, for C they are 0. All this points to the fact that in the subject A the critical stimulus words acted with the greatest intensity, and hence the greatest suspicion falls on A.
Practically one may assume the probability of this person's guilt. The same evening A made a complete confession of the theft, and thus the success of the experiment was confirmed. Such a result is undoubtedly of scientific interest and worthy of serious consideration. There is much in experimental psychology which is of less use than the material exemplified in this test.
Putting the theoretical interest altogether aside, we have here something that is not to be despised from a practical point of view, to wit, a culprit has been brought to light in a much easier and shorter way than is customary. What has been possible once or twice ought to be possible again, and it is well worth while to investigate some means of rendering the method increasingly capable of rapid and sure results.
This application of the experiment shows that it is possible to strike a concealed, indeed an unconscious complex by means of a stimulus word; and conversely we may assume with great certainty that behind a reaction which shows a complex indicator there is a hidden complex, even though the test-person strongly denies it.
Patterns and thoughts come out of the subconscious during free association. Finally, catharsis is the experience of feeling emotions that have been repressed. In the free-association test, the subject is told to state the first word that comes to mind in response to a stated word, concept, or other stimulus.
In free association, psychoanalytic patients are invited to relate whatever comes into their minds during the analytic session, and not to censor their thoughts.
This technique is intended to help the patient learn more about what he or she thinks and feels, in an atmosphere of non-judgmental curiosity and acceptance. Anything that goes away and comes back reappears. Association refers to the relationship between multiple objects.
Composition and aggregation are two types of association. Accounting for learning and memory in terms of such laws of association is called associationism. Word Banks—lists of words generated by the class and related to a. By brainstorming to create the word bank, all students have the opportunity to speak, listen to each other, and experience reading and writing with words related to their learning.
A business association will consist of three central factors: The association is formed and founded by more than one member. The association needs a formal management structure. It is a very different way of communicating than most people use in social situations. Resistance is anything that the patient does that opposes the process of therapy.
Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. The word association test 1. History and Background 2. Jung is considered as the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth. He used a list of 75 stimulus words with which he read and noted his responses. Galton, who thought that there might be a link between a person's I. Jung became director of research on the Word Association Test.
Jung's Word Association Test Jung's first English language papers on the subject is taken from his lecture notes at Clark University in Massachusetts in September, Methods 1. Patients Instructions "We're now going to do a word association test. This test contains words. After I say each word, I'll be expecting you to respond with a word. I want you to answer as quickly as possible with the first word that occurs to your mind.
Recording the results The table has three columns: test word, reaction time, and patient-response. Record the number of seconds of the delayed response. Interpretation 5. Re-writing 6. Carl Jung created the word association test in the middle of the 20th century to unravel the subconscious. Jung wanted to understand its manifestations and find appropriate channels to analyze it. The test administrator says a word to the patient. Then, the patient must respond with the first word that comes to mind.
Experts claim that the stimulant concepts tend to almost always drag up emotional burdens. In addition, the therapist must analyze the physical and emotional responses. At first glance, it might seem like nothing more than a game to most people. The test consists of someone saying a word and the other responding with the first thing that pops into their mind.
However, it goes beyond just the verbal response. The therapist must also pay attention to the physiological reaction to the stimulant word. He worked under Eugen Bleuler.
You may remember that Bleuler established many of the concepts we use today in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. Jung began to study trauma and complexes. According to him, one way to understand them and bring them to light was through dreams. They could also be brought forth through active imagination or fantasy.
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